Apnea Essays - Sleep Disorders, Sleep Apnea, Central Sleep Apnea

Apnea Apnea is involved with the respiratory and central nervous systems. The respiratory system allows a person to breathe in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide (Deepak 116). After entering the mouth or the nose, oxygen travels into the pharynx, the larynx, and then the trachea. The trachea splits into two branches which then split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Hair-like projections called cilia cover the bronchioles and protect them from foreign particles. From the bronchioles, air enters tiny air sacs called alveoli, each of which is surrounded by capillaries containing the blood that gathers oxygen to be transported throughout the body and releases carbon dioxide so that it can be exhaled. Contractions of the diaphragm cause the lungs to be inflated and deflated. According to Janet Fricker, sleep apnea is "the periodic reduction or cessation of breathing caused by temporary oropharyngeal collapse during sleep"; in other words, it occurs when a person literally stops breathing while asleep (Fricker 122). There are two main processes that produce sleep apnea. The first, known as central sleep apnea, involves the level of brain activity during sleep. The nighttime failure of the part of the brain that controls breathing, located in the brain stem, results in unmonitored oxygen Sumner 2 levels during sleep. When oxygen levels become too low and carbon dioxide levels become too high, stimulation becomes strong enough to temporarily awaken the brain to do its job. The brain triggers a snorting or sucking of air in order to restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The episodes recur as the brain returns to its sleep state (Coren 147-48). The second form of sleep apnea, known as obstructive sleep apnea, is characterized by a severe relaxation of the tongue, throat, and pharynx.(Deepak 116). The severe relaxation of the tongue causes it to cover the opening to the trachea, stopping the flow of oxygen into the lungs. After ten to ninety seconds of an apnea respiratory centers alert the brain of its oxygen-deprived state, causing the repeated sleep/wake cycle of the sufferer (Fricker 122). Sleep Apnea affects about 4 percent of middle-aged men and 2 percent of middle-aged women (Walling 851). Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, gasping, and choking. It causes breathing problems that cause a person to cough and gasp as many as several hundred times a night (Pressman 65). Because a build up of fatty tissues in the mouth tends to flow over the opening of the trachea, it is most common in middle aged, overweight males (Coren 148). About sixty percent of sufferers are overweight. However, it is not actual poundage but the thickness of the neck that affects breathing. Men often develop thicker throat tissues and gather more fat in their abdomen, neck, and shoulders than women. Men with a neck circumference of seventeen inches or more and women with that of sixteen inches or more are most likely to have sleep apnea, as well as Sumner 3 those with a double chin or a lot of excess fat around the waist. Sleep apnea will worsen with age as throat tissues become looser and people gain weight.(Barone 81). Many side affects can occur due to sleep apnea. Sufferers can awaken to headaches, irritability, difficulty in remembering, and problems with concentration (Barone 81). More serious problems can occur, such as drowsiness in the daytime, oxygen scarcity, and respiratory arrest while struggling to breathe during sleep. Because there is less oxygen going to the heart, it has to work harder; adrenaline is released and blood pressure rises rapidly. Repeated bursts of nighttime blood pressure may cause hypertension during the day, leading to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart rhythm disturbances (Barone 82). Diagnosing sleep apnea has become common only in recent years, since the disorder was not officially defined until 1965. Snoring, daytime fatigue, and a short attention span can be clues for diagnosis. If these symptoms persist for a prolonged period of time it may become necessary to be placed under the care of a pulmonary specialist, or an ear, nose, and throat doctor. Diagnosis is made possible by examinations of the nose, throat, and jaw. It is also helpful for a sufferer's mate to answer questions about snoring and sleep habits. The best way to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the severity of the disorder is a polysomnography exam, usually involving an overnight stay in a sleep clinic. There specialists are able to monitor blood oxygen levels, heart rate, body temperature, brain waves, and the number of times breathing stops. The sleep

Eminent Domain Example

Eminent Domain Example Eminent Domain – Coursework Example Eminent Domain Eminent Domain Governments are empowered by the law to assume control of private property for public use, thus constituting eminent domain. However, in proclaiming eminent domain there are procedures that must be followed for a smooth proclaim (Levy, 2013). Firstly the government must declare a public need by identifying a scarcity in providing and in accessing a certain public services. Secondly, the government must prove that the intended public utility is of much value that the private utility. Thirdly, the government makes an offer to the owner for compensation. Finally, the government attempts to negotiate a fair value with the owner to purchase the property (Merriam and Ross, 2006). In case the owner does not wish to sell on eminent domain, the government will file a court action in order to exercise eminent domain. The court will schedule a hearing in which the government must demonstrate that it tried to acquire the property in good faith and for public use but no agreement was reached. If the petition favors the government, the process of establishing a fair market value for the property takes place and the required payments are made. Either parties may appeal the decision in case the owner of the property is not be satisfied with the outcome or the government fails in its petition (Levy, 2013).Government zoning, unlike eminent domain the government does not need to compensate the affected property owners. This is because zoning only entails restricting a certain area to a specific nature of utility. In addition, assuming control of a property through police power the property owner is also not compensated (Merriam and Ross, 2006).In conclusion, two good examples of cases that demonstrates eminent domain is the Harvey Cedar v. Karan case where the Harvey acquired a third of Karan’s property and constructed a 22-foot high dune and offered $300.00 compensation. The second case is the Kelo v. City of New London where the court agreed with the Connecticut Municipality to take the privately owned real property of Kelo and other families for comprehensive development plan. ReferencesLevy J. M. (2013). Contemporary urban planning. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.Merriam, D, & Ross, M. (2006). Eminent domain use and abuse: Kelo in context. Chicago, Ill: ABA Section of State and Government Law.

Justice and mercy are both fundamental to civilized human life. If we Essay

Justice and mercy are both fundamental to civilized human life. If we are to continue to live in an ordered and supportive world - Essay Example What is even more significant is the fact that justice shall prevail when the chips are down, when the required actions are nothing else but the ones that are reliant on the notion of justice alone. Justice remains a very fundamental part of every society of the world, and this has been proven with research and solid evidence coming to the fore. This paper takes a keen look at the manner in which justice is fundamental to a civilized human life. The first and foremost argument in the wake of supporting justice is based on the fact that justice is central to reaching conclusions which are based on an ethical tangent. This has been proven with research which is implied through the Act IV of King Lear where gods were conscious of justice in the wake of avenging the death of Gloucester through killing. The ethical debate therefore stems from the Act IV of King Lear where emphasis is paid on the justice tangent more than the facet of mercy, which seems like a missing premise. The ethical and moral discussions are being discussed more and more with the changing business dynamics and it would not be wrong to suggest that this is similar to how life’s different situations arise every now and then. ... There would always be the justice element that will save the day for the people. The second argument that is used within the context of this essay and which focuses on the tangent of justice is how it has been a great leveler amongst the people. They look up to the different forms and mannerisms related with justice to seek long term and constructive results. The society believes that justice is the end result of long standing issues and people should be treated in the same light no matter how difficult or trying a circumstance or situation is. The Act IV of King Lear believes in the dictum of justice and hence the manner in which it has been pinpointed within the Act is something that draws its basis from the society itself (Author Unknown, 2005). The balancing act comes within the people when they believe that justice would form the cornerstone of their success as well as that of other people who are doing their bit by being fair and incorporating equality in the society. There see m to be a number of manifestations in line with this discussion of justice being a great leveler amongst people from varied segments of the society. People believe that justice would bring them to a common ground, or a platform which will erase away their worries and tensions, make them stand head to head with the offending party or individual and ask for justice right away. The incorporation of the same however does take a lot of time, which is indeed remarked as a negative within the related scheme of things. The third and final argument here is banking on the discussion of the collective good of the society itself. If the society believes that justice can pour in positive ramifications for all

How far is it true that representations of ethnic groups have no Essay

How far is it true that representations of ethnic groups have no alternative but to draw upon stereotypes because all language and concepts have to use previous - Essay Example Socialization provides individuals with resources necessary for acting and participating within their society. For the society, inducting all individuals and members into its social norms, attitudes, values, motives, social roles, language and symbols is the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained. Socialization on one hand prepares the individual for the roles the is to play, providing him with the necessary repertoire of habits., beliefs and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge. On the other hand, by communicating the contents of culture from one generation to the other, it provides for its persistence and continuity. Socialization is important in the process of personality formation. Much of the human components are the result of genes, the socialization process can influence particular formation by encouraging specific attitudes and behavior. Socialization practices vary markedly from society to society and the socialization practices are generally similar among people of the same society. People of the same society; with the same culture and of the same community are likely to share core values and perceptions. People generally socialize their children in remarkably similar ways to the way they themselves were socialized by their parents. Ethnicity comes as a result of a subjective belief on a common descent of similarities of physical type or customs or of both. It may also be as a result of memories of colonization and migration; this belief is important for group formation and it does not matter whether an objective blood relationship exists. Members of an ethnic group on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time – same values, practices and norms. Ethnicity and race are related concepts in that both are usually defined in terms of shared genealogy. Ethnicity often

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay The Killer Angels is a historical novel that was authored by Michael Shaara in 1974. The novel is on a narration of four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that took place during the American Civil War. The story is centered on the period between June 30, 1963 when both the Union and the Confederacy soldiers prepare for battle around the town of Gettysburg and the 1st to 3rd of July 1973 when the battle takes place. The novel commences with Harrison, Longstreets spy gathering information on the movement and positioning of the Federal soldiers. Each day of in the novel is narrated from the perspective of the generals from the two sides; James Longstreet and Robert E. Lee on the Confederacys side and John Buford and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain on the Unions side. Michael Shaara narrates the story of Gettysburg, which is among the largest battles in North Americas history to establish the causes of the Civil War. Additionally, he tries to establish the motivations, which led to long-estab lished friends facing each other in battle. Michael Shaara wrote the novel to bring out the significance of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. He provides an accurate account of the events of the Gettysburg War. In the introduction letter that he writes to the reader, Shaara states that he utilized primary sources in writing the books and he did not make any significant alterations in the facts about the War. He aims at bringing this significant part of the American history to life. In the entire novel, the author attempts to portray the both sides of the War without any bias and to highlight the real causes of the War. Shaara uses Harrison, a spy who was hired by General Longstreet to investigate on the actions of the Union forces. This ensures that he remains neutral in his narration of the War. Thus, it can be argued that Michael Shaara was motivated by the urge to bring out the unbiased facts about the Gettysburg War, the real issues that led to the War, and the significance of the War to Americas history. James Longstreet and Robert E. Lees are significant characters in the storys narration. The two are Confederacy soldiers, they trust each other, and they are concerned with the safety of the other. However, they hold varying opinions and tactics about the war. Lee possesses excellent tactical skills though his conventional policies are often in conflict with Longstreets more futurist policies. Lee is a Confederacy general who issues directives from the defensive position. Shaara depicts Lee as wise elderly man who is aware of the fact that his career is almost ending. Lee holds to his conventional ideas of war; however, he appreciates the significance of Longstreets innovative ideas on the war. Lee is an inspiration of the soldiers in the War. He inspires even the wounded soldiers who drag themselves from the Picketts Charge and they beg to be allowed to return to the War. His presence in the War maintains the morale of the Confederacy soldiers. However, his confidence in the soldier s leads to his overestimation of the soldiers might in the War and results in a disaster at Picketts Charge. Lee is depicted as a gentleman, a religious, patient, and a man of honor without vices. He is optimistic and idealistic and believes that his men are capable of doing anything. He is soft-spoken and caring to his men; however, he boldly uses his men and is ready to loose them for a worthy cause. He adopts a religious stand in the war; God is responsible for all the events in the war. Lee is portrayed as a risk taker; he takes risky and daring decisions and is often breaking rules if time is against him. Lee is easily contrasted with Longstreet, a moody man of deep emotions and strong opinions. Longstreet is full of anger and hatred of the War. He believes that the War is a mistake and contests Lees offensive approach. Longstreet prefers establishing a strong defensive position and letting the enemy come to him. He is not portrayed as a coward, but he basis his decisions on the War on the several years of his experience in the army. He is depicted as a total soldier who is devoted to no other cause other than victory in the War. Furthermore, he employs newer approaches in the War compared to Lees conventional approaches and is pained by the death of the soldiers. Thus, contrasting the two generals and their strategies in the War depict that Longstreet was a more superior general with better tactics in the War. Lees tactics were responsible for the death of many soldiers and the eventual loss of the War by the Confederacy. Lastly, Gettysburg played a significant role in the Civil War. The Gettysburg is depicted as a significant part in Americas history. Prior to the Gettysburg War, the Confederacy had won a significant number of wars. However, Gettysburg acted as a turning point for the course of the Civil War. At Gettysburg, the Union gained their first victory in the War. Consequently, they gained momentum in the War and won all the subsequent wars. The Gettysburg War depleted the two sides reserves for the War; it significantly decreased their ammunition and number of soldiers. The North had double, the number of soldiers as the South; additionally, it was more industrialized compared to the South. Thus, the North eventually lost the War due to the lack of resources. This contrasted any other war that had been fought prior to the Gettysburg War.

Implementation of no plastic policy Essay

The researcher has chosen the topic â€Å"The Implementation of Plastic Bag Ban in Some Municipalities in the Philippines† because it is related to her chosen program, Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. As a Chemical Engineering student, she must study the chemical processes and even changes that are taking place in the environment. This topic is related in a way that the environment and the manufacturing of plastics are concerned. As seen in the Television News and articles in the newspapers, floods caused by super typhoons have really killed thousands of people. Climate change is the primary cause of this dilemma but this was aggravated by the problems of indisposed garbage that are seen everywhere. Environmentalists are blaming the uncontrollable use of plastics and with that, several local government units implemented the plastic bag ban in their municipalities. In other words, banning plastics is their last solution to this problem. Many disagree with its implementation especially the Plastic Manufacturing Companies and its unions because of their own concerns. Nevertheless, they were not able to stop the banning; instead more municipalities are encouraged to do the said banning. In this research paper, she wants to prove that banning plastics is an effective solution to the destruction of the environment. She believes that the existing laws on waste management are not enough to solve the problem that’s why the banning of plastics is implemented. She feels that she would have benefits and advantages for the research study because this will add more knowledge and information that is helpful in preparation for her future career. She also feels that this research study can answer the present problems of the society. Review of Related Literature The article â€Å"Campaign vs garbage pushed† stated that piles of trash can be found everywhere-plastics, discarded and rotten fruits and vegetables fruit peelings, candy wrappers, and the like. Moreover, the Ecowaste Coalition which is a waste and pollution watchdog observed the environmental problems there. It’s also stated that Manny Calonzo, president of Ecowaste Coalition, said that they find plastic bags galore in Divisoria and the piles of mostly plastic rubbish along Recto Avenue and adjacent streets very disturbing. He added that assistance can be offered by conducting community service in the place. The spirit of volunteerism is important in doing this. (2011) Ma. Ceres P. Doyo reported in her article â€Å"Major major: Death by Plastic† that environmental, health and justice advocates trooped to the Senate to press the lawmakers to pass a law to control the reckless use and disposal of plastic bags and to â€Å"tame the plastic monster†. The event coincided with the joint hearing called by the senate committee on trade and commerce, chaired by Sen. Manny Villar, and the committee on environmental and natural resources, chaired by Sen. Juan Miguel Zubiri, to discuss bills filed by Sen. Loren Legarda, Miriam Defensor-Santiago and Villar on plastic bags. Legarda’s SB 1368 is â€Å"an act providing for a proactive approach in recycling plastic bags in stores and other retail outlets.† SB 1543 is â€Å"an act regulating the use of plastic grocery bags.† Villar’s SB 1103 is â€Å"an act promoting sound waste management by requiring all department stores, malls and commercial establishments to utilize reusable environment-friendly shopping bags and provide them free of charge to customers and patron, and for other purposes.† (2010) Statement of the problem The researcher attempts to answer the following questions in the research study: 1. What are plastics? 2. What is the purpose of implementing the Plastic Bag Ban in some municipalities in the Philippines? 3. What are the rules contained in this policy? 4. How did the Filipinos respond to the banning of plastics? 5. What are its effects? 6. What are the conclusive findings the researcher gathered in the study? Thesis Statement The â€Å"Plastic Bag Ban† is an effective solution to the destruction of our environment. The researcher believes that this policy implemented by several Local Government Units (LGUs) provides the following benefits: 1. It can solve the problem on uncontrollable increase of plastic wastes in the esteros, drainages, bodies of water, and landfills. 2. This policy could promote alternative packaging like woven bags (bayong). 3. People will be more disciplined.

A Killer At Thurston High

As with any tragedy, the circumstances surrounding Kip Kinkel's murderous rampage leaves one basic question to be answered: Why?   Why would a young man choose to kill his parents, whom he claimed to love, in cold blood?   And why would he then go to school thirteen hours later and commit what appear to be random murders?   It is likely that one can never truly understand what would possess someone to commit such heinous crimes.   However, through the application of certain psychological principles, it is possible to form a hypothetical explanation for his actions.If one were to subscribe to a psychoanalytic view of what caused Kinkel's violent display of hate, the case can easily be made that his hatred for himself, as expressed in journal entries found in his room, caused him to subconsciously transfer his feelings for himself onto his parents (Frontline).   It is not a far reach to speculate that he may have felt that, ultimately, his parents were to blame for his proble ms.   Had it not been for them, he would never have been born.This theory is supported by his written confession, which he left at the scene of his parents' murder, in which he stated â€Å"I wish I had been aborted.†Ã‚   In this same letter, he states that he loved his mom and dad â€Å"so much† (Frontline).   This further lends credibility to the idea that while he felt love for his parents outwardly, he subconsciously harbored blame towards them because they were, essentially, the source of his suffering because they were the responsible for his existence.   Unfortunately, his inner turmoil manifested itself in a violent explosion of emotions, and he committed murders for reasons that even he could not explain.Another common theory that one could consider is that to some extent, Kinkel's behavior can be attributed to peer influence, which would fall under the category of behavior modeling.   According to the chronological time table provided on the PBS Front line website, Kinkel had no obvious behavioral problems during his elementary school years.Although he struggled greatly in school, several sources stated that he worked very hard to attempt to keep up with his classmates.   It would seem that once he entered middle school, he began to associate with young people who were less than upstanding citizens.   It is possible that by acting out, he was gaining acceptance from his peers, as opposed to feeling inferior because of his learning disability.   It is important to note that many of his offenses, particularly during his middle school years, involved friends.   Judging from his behavior, one can easily infer that Kinkel is not a leader, but a follower.It is likely that, at least in the beginning, he very seldom initiated criminal behavior, but rather blindly followed his friends down whatever path they chose. This may have likely set the stage for further misbehavior.   While his friends were not found to have any involvem ent in the murder of Kinkel's parents or classmates, they did attribute to his delinquent attitude and fostered his fascination with guns and other deadly weapons.   So, in his attempt to conform to his friends' ideas and behavior, he himself adopted their ways.His delinquent behavior evolved from so called â€Å"victimless† crimes, for instance, the ordering of mail order bomb books, shoplifting, etc, to increasingly violent acts.   As the chronological timeline found on the Frontline website clearly illustrates, it was not until after the relatively minor incidents occurred that his crimes became violent.   Throwing rocks off of the highway overpass, though it could have potentially caused great injury, was not a blatantly violent crime.   However, approximately three months later he was suspended from school for violent assaults against his classmates.One of the biggest controversies surrounding cases of teenage violence in America is deciding to whom the blame bel ongs.   Some may posit that the child's parents are to blame; after all, they are the ones ultimately responsible for their children.   Others may blame the advent of violent video games, citing that young minds do not possess the discernment to know the difference between reality and fantasy.Still others will claim that the media is responsible; given that most young adults have unlimited access to television, explicit CD's and internet websites, they are likely over stimulated with inappropriate material.   From a psychological viewpoint, we would define the aforementioned opinions as a tendency toward cognitive heuristics, more specifically, the principle of availability.   That is to say, Kinkel may have drawn on scenarios that he had either witnessed or heard about in order to rationalize his behavior.It is also possible that the idea to open fire on his classmates was in some way influenced by the influx of school shootings around the nation.   In theory, the fact th at his solution to his problem was to go on a murderous rampage so shortly after other school shootings, lends credence to the idea that he was influenced by coverage of other shootings.Judging from Kinkel's actions, writings, and confessional utterances, he suffered from a very low self-esteem.   Although some people naturally have a healthier self-image than others, a humanistic view of psychology dictates that negative experiences can contribute to a person's low self-worth.   As described on the Frontline website, Kinkel struggled with school from the very beginning.   Because he started school in Spain, and spoke only English, he was at a great disadvantage.Not only did he miss out on an academic level, but also on a social level.   Even after returning to the United States, he continued to struggle in many areas of schooling.   Having to repeat the first grade likely affected his self-esteem.   Also, by all accounts, he continued to struggle with language problems.    In an interview, his sister admits to teasing him about his deficiency.It is likely that his classmates may have done the same.   Once he was diagnosed with a learning disability, and given the appropriate help, he apparently began to improve academically.   However, one can conclude that his feelings of low self-worth did not completely dissipate.   This may explain why he chose the friends that he did, which ultimately lead to participating in criminal activities.It has become a commonly accepted notion in the United States that puberty is the cause of many abnormal behaviors in young people.   To some extent, it is a reasonable claim; as a child matures into a teenager, they will likely push for more independence and individuality.   Changing hormones can attribute to some peculiar behavior, but in itself is not an excuse for even minor criminal behavior, let alone murdering ones parents and classmates.   However, as Frontline reports, Dr. Orin Bolstad, a psychol ogist who specializes in juvenile killers, stated that Kinkel's behavior is consistent with an early onset of schizophrenia.This form of schizophrenia manifested itself through several delusional beliefs, as well as the apparent voices that told Kinkel to commit the murders.   It is also important to note that the theory that his violent behavior was caused by a biological factor, in this case a chemical imbalance, is substantiated by the fact that the use of Prozac seemed to calm some of his erratic behavior.   One can even tie the biological aspect of his illness to the humanistic aspect by recognizing that the voices that Kinkel claimed to hear, voices that may have been his subconscious thoughts manifested, were dangerous to his self-image.   According to Kinkel, the voices told him he was worthless, which would be consistent with his low self-esteem.Of all the psychological aspects that can be used to analyze Kinkel's behavior, perhaps the hardest to address is society's role.   Are young people being desensitized to gun use through culturally accepted displays of violence?   Are guns too readily available to young people?   In Kinkel's situation, the answer is obviously that yes, guns were made way too available.   Although his father apparently took great care in trying to teach him that guns are a responsibility, he did allow the teenager to purchase a firearm.This likely sent a message to the young man that it is ok to own a gun.   In fact, it was after his father allowed him to purchase a firearm that he continued to buy more from friends.   Once he was caught with possession of a firearm on school property, he claims he did not want his parents to have to be ashamed.   So, in an attempt to solve this problem, he decided to kill his parents.   His solution to the problem is not unlike the plots of many action-adventure movies, thus lending credibility to the culturally inspired aspect of his crime.In conclusion, it is impossible to know exactly what caused Kip Kinkel to murder his parents in cold blood.   Nor is there any real explanation as to why he would then drive to school and open fire on an entire cafeteria of students.   Although modern psychology can, to some extent, offer a glimpse into the diseased mind, it can not afford us a clear and scientific answer as to why people do the things they do.   One thing is certain in Kinkel's case: he is a deeply disturbed individual.When the judge handed down the one- hundred-eleven year sentence, he confirmed what many psychologists already knew: there is no hope of rehabilitation for a young man who committed such heinous crimes.   Even if medication and therapy could alleviate the symptoms of his disease, the knowledge of the pain that he caused will be with him until the day he dies.   Such is the tragic ending of a very tragic situation.Works Citedâ€Å"The Killer At Thurston High.† PBS: Frontline. (January 2000). 20 November 2006.  < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kinkel/>